Источник:
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/mfp/archive/...anagement.aspx
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The past few years I’ve ventured into the SCM code base of AX, and I most admit I found the physical operations easier to comprehend than their financial counterparts. Perhaps it is just the terminology, or perhaps its because I’m “just” an engineer. At any rate I discovered I’m not the only one struggling – so here is an high level overview of the Cost Management domain and how it is handled in Dynamics AX.
Background
A text-book condensed into a paragraph
A company is profitable if it can sell its goods for a higher price than they paid for them. This difference is called the
Gross profit, it can be found on the
Income statement, and is the difference between
Sales and
Cost of goods sold (COGS). In other words,
COGS directly influences the company’s profitability and the amount of tax to pay. The
General accepted accounting principles (GAAP) describes several
Costing principles, i.e. ways
COGS can be measured. As the
costing principle(s) used can have a significant impact on the company’s financial performance, there must be full disclosure to which
costing principle(s) is used.For these reasons companies are inclined to stay with their current
costing principle. The history of accounting for costs predates computer science and ERP systems. Several of the
costing principles in use today reflects this fact – they are designed to be applied periodically (in the past by a book keeper with a pen in his hand). The inputs to the costing calculations are called
cost elements. They include
Direct cost (purchase price of finished goods or raw material) and
Indirect cost (such as labor and equipment).
Dynamics AX’s Inventory Models
In Dynamics AX the
Costing principles are called
Inventory models. An
Inventory model prescribes how
Direct cost is determined.
Indirect cost is always estimated. These estimations are provided by the
Costing sheet.
In the following consider this sequence of event:
- Monday: Purchase of 1 pcs @ $10
- Tuesday: Purchase of 1 pcs @ $12
- Wednesday: Sale of 1 pcs (sales price is irrelevant)
- Thursday: Purchase of 2 pcs @ $15 each.
- Friday: Inventory Close
AX supports these
Inventory models:
- Normal costing accounts the costs as they occurred, however various circumstances can later influence the posting, such as back-dating. An example of back-dating could be that the Thursday purchase is register as if it occurred on Tuesday. At the end of the period the Inventory Close process will take care of any differences.
AX supports 5 variants:
- FIFO – First in first out; In the example the cost is $10
- LIFO – Last in last out over the entire next period; In the example the cost is $15
- LIFO Date – Last in last out (until the sale); In the example the cost is $12
- Weighted average – over the entire period; In the example the cost $13. ((10+12+2*15)/4)
- Weighted average date – in the period until the sale; In the example the cost is $11. ((10+12)/2)
- Standard cost is based on estimates for both Direct and Indirect costs. This means it can be calculated during planning and thus is a powerful operational management tool. The BOM calculation is used to estimate the costs. AX supports several versioning of the estimates – they are called Costing versions. This makes Standard cost a perpetual model, where cost always can be determined during the sale. In the example above the cost is whatever estimate is provided by the active costing version, e.g. $9.
- Moving average is similar to Weighted average date. However; it is a perpetual model, where cost always is determined during the sale. This means that back-dating will not impact the posted costs, and Inventory Closing is not required. In the example; the cost is $11.
Links
AX 2009 Costing models:
http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/downl...s.aspx?id=1041
Moving average:
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/l.../hh597235.aspx
More background:
http://www.accountingcoach.com/inven...ld/explanation
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Источник:
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/mfp/archive/...anagement.aspx